Appendices C and D. Data-integrity log and glossary — Odour, emotion and memory: a review of 119 studies

Data-inconsistency log

Item	Inconsistency found	Handling in the report
Number of human OR genes	Estimates of 391 [6], ~394/857 [9], ~400 [1, 8], ~350–400/~1,000 [33], ~700 in total [10], ~900 [1]	Due to annotation definitions; ~400 functional / ~850–900 loci used
Number of human glomeruli	1,100–1,200 [2] vs 8,000 [19]	Corrected after checking Volume 4: histological counts (Maresh 2008: 5,568 ± 830; Meisami 1998: ~8,000 in young adults) give 5,000–8,000; the figure of 1,100–1,200 has no supporting count in humans
Bao 2019 [54]	One review note describes it as a rodent study	It is human fMRI (n = 25)
Hu 2020 [83], Rasch 2007 [80]: REM	CI asymmetric around a positive point estimate (0.06 [−0.31; 0.18], midpoint −0.065; Rasch tapping 0.21 [−0.67; 0.25])	Suspected missing minus sign; −0.06 used, flagged
Kehl 2024 [11] vs Dikeçligil 2024 [1]	[1] states there are no human olfactory single-cell recordings yet	Difference in publication timing
Chrea 2009 [67]	Degrees of freedom and Δχ² between models do not match	RMSEA/CFI fit indices used
Kohli 2016 [114]	“8/13” studies in the main text vs 7/6 in the table	Reported as per the table
Perl 2016 [109]	K-complex CI inconsistent with t; numbers of men/women differ between sections	t and BF used
Krishna 2010 [118]	Reported η² does not match the F/df ratio	Reported verbatim, flagged
Torske 2022 [4]	Unpleasant odours: 293 foci in the text vs 229 in Table S1; hemisphere differs	Results table used
Zelano 2016 [76]	107 vs 112 participants; frequency bands differ between sections	Analysed n per group used
de Groot & Smeets 2017 [71]	k and N differ between the abstract and the table	Single N = 1,652 used
Szychowska 2025 [36]	Units in Table 3 inconsistent	Pooled SMD estimate used
Moriceau & Sullivan 2006 [93]	F(3,16) = 3.917 with p < 0.005 does not match	Direction of effect reported, p not used
Mujica-Parodi 2009 [73]	Statistical threshold differs between original and replication analyses	Reported SVC results used
Iravani 2021 [65]	p values in the text and figure do not match	CI and BF of the preregistered experiment used
Winston 2005 [62]; Krusemark 2013 [64]	Typo “p < 0.5”	Read as p < 0.05
Olfactory training [110–113]	Participant/group numbers for Geißler, Damm and Altundag differ between reviews	Pooled estimates used
TDI after OT	Delgado-Lima 2024 g = 2.12 vs Sorokowska 2017 g = 1.10	[111] used (full text read)
Bushdid 2014 [55]	1.72 × 10¹² cited as a measurement	It is the upper bound of an extrapolation
Receptor antagonism [8]	Pfister 2020 / Inagaki 2020 data are for mouse receptors (Olfr) at 300 µM, but are often cited as human data	Species and concentration stated explicitly in section 3.2 (found after Volume 3 was built)

Bilingual glossary

Vietnamese	English	Short definition
Thụ thể mùi	Odorant receptor (OR)	Class A GPCR; humans have ~400 functional genes out of ~850 (≈50% pseudogenes).
Mã tổ hợp	Combinatorial code	Odour identity = the set of receptors activated; each concentration gives a different code.
Đối kháng thụ thể	Receptor antagonism	~50% of odorants inhibit ≥1 receptor in mixtures; synergy at low concentrations, antagonism at high concentrations.
Tắt đáp ứng / thích nghi	Termination / adaptation	Termination via NCKX4 extruding Ca²⁺ (established); the mechanism of paired-pulse adaptation remains unclear.
Cầu khứu	Glomerulus	Convergence unit in the olfactory bulb; roughly 5,000–8,000 per olfactory bulb in humans.
Hành khứu	Olfactory bulb (OB)	The only relay station before the cortex; already encodes valence at 50–325 ms.
Vỏ piriform trước / sau	Anterior / posterior piriform (APC / PPC)	APC: chemical structure, predictive templates; PPC: perceptual quality, categories, storage of odour fear memories.
Đối tượng mùi	Odor object	A unified, learned representation of a complex odour; shows pattern completion/separation.
Mã hóa dự đoán	Predictive coding	Templates of the expected odour appear in piriform/OFC before the odour arrives.
Hóa trị	Valence (pleasantness)	The pleasant–unpleasant axis, ~30% of perceptual variance; can be shifted by labels, context and state.
Cường độ	Intensity	Encoded in piriform; the amygdala tracks intensity only when the odour has valence.
Độ nổi bật	Salience	\|valence\|; OFC area 11 generalises appetitive and aversive odours by salience.
Amygdala khứu giác	Olfactory amygdala (MeA, CeA, ACo, PAC)	Four nuclei receiving direct input from the olfactory bulb in humans.
Nhân nền-bên / trung tâm / giữa	BLA / CeA / MeA	BLA acquires & consolidates fear; CeA autonomic output; MeA expression, evolved from the olfactory system.
Vỏ ổ mắt–trán	Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)	Subjective, individual perception; modulated by labels and hunger/satiety state.
Vỏ cingulate trước	Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)	Dorsal ACC correlates with odour unpleasantness.
Vỏ entorhinal bên	Lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC)	Olfactory–hippocampal interface; fan cells + dopamine form associations; an early site of damage in Alzheimer’s disease.
Hồi hải mã	Hippocampus	Odour-as-known, context, first association, order.
Liên kết đầu tiên	First association (primacy)	The first odour–object association is prioritised by the hippocampus and predicts memory after 1 week.
Ký ức tự truyện do mùi	Odor-evoked autobiographical memory (Proust phenomenon)	Older, more emotional and less often rehearsed, but rarer than memories cued by words/pictures.
Khung LOVER	LOVER framework	Limbic, Old, Vivid, Emotional, Rare (Larsson 2014).
Tái kích hoạt trí nhớ có mục tiêu	Targeted memory reactivation (TMR)	Replaying odours during NREM sleep; g = 0.32 for odours.
Trí nhớ làm việc khứu giác	Olfactory working memory	Theta encodes order, gamma–theta encodes identity; replay compressed 15–30×.
Điều kiện hóa sợ hãi	Fear conditioning (CS+/CS−)	Pairing an odour with an aversive stimulus; forms quickly, extinguishes slowly, generalises to similar odours.
Tín hiệu hóa học xã hội	Chemosignal	Body odours carrying emotion; fear g = 0.36; processed below the threshold of awareness.
Khóa pha theo nhịp thở	Respiratory entrainment	Nasal breathing synchronises piriform–amygdala–hippocampus; lost with mouth breathing.
Thích nghi hành vi	Habituation	Odour-linked emotion fades after ~20 minutes of continuous exposure.
Huấn luyện khứu giác	Olfactory training (OT)	4 odours × 2 times/day × ≥12 weeks; TDI g = 1.10, threshold only 0.34.
Thang Sniffin' Sticks	Threshold–Discrimination–Identification (TDI)	Each subtest 1–16, total 48.
UPSIT	University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test	40 scratch-and-sniff odours; predicts cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease.
Silexan	Standardized oral lavender oil	Oral capsule standardised for linalool/linalyl acetate; the efficacy is that of the oral dose.
Hiệu ứng kỳ vọng / nhãn	Expectancy / labeling effect	Labels change pleasantness and mOFC activation for the same odour.
Bản đồ mùi chính	Principal Odor Map (POM)	A 256-dimensional GNN embedding that predicts odour descriptors of new molecules.
Mã dạng lưới	Grid-like code	Six-fold representation of a 2D odour space in vmPFC, APC and entorhinal cortex.
Mù thay đổi khứu giác	Olfactory change blindness	Background odours go almost unnoticed; subthreshold odours still change behaviour.
Nguy cơ sai lệch	Risk of bias (RoB)	Cochrane quality assessment of RCTs; odours can never be fully blinded.

Scientific reference material, not medical advice. Figures are redrawn from published data, not copied from the original figures. GRADE and risk-of-bias ratings are the compilers’ own. Every number traces back to detailed reading notes on each paper.