| Branch | Fact | Value | Material · origin | Method | n | Source | Access |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Essential oil content of stems (culm), Thanh Son | 0.62±0.04 % of fresh material | lemongrass oil · Thanh Son, Phu Tho, VN | Steam distillation/Clevenger 4 h; GC-MS HP-5MS, %TIC | 1 sample of 500 g/plant part/area | Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus L. grown in Phu Tho province · Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 14(4):683-687, 2016 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Geranial / neral / myrcene — stems (culm), Thanh Son | 42.53 / 33.62 / 6.15 % GC peak area | lemongrass oil · Thanh Son, Phu Tho, VN | Steam distillation/Clevenger 4 h; GC-MS HP-5MS, %TIC | 1 | Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus L. grown in Phu Tho province · Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 14(4):683-687, 2016 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Essential oil content of leaves, Thanh Son | 0.71±0.03 % of fresh material | lemongrass oil · Thanh Son, Phu Tho, VN | Steam distillation/Clevenger 4 h; GC-MS HP-5MS, %TIC | 1 sample of 500 g/plant part/area | Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus L. grown in Phu Tho province · Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 14(4):683-687, 2016 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Geranial / neral / myrcene — leaves, Thanh Son | 40.09 / 32.42 / 10.70 % GC peak area | lemongrass oil · Thanh Son, Phu Tho, VN | Steam distillation/Clevenger 4 h; GC-MS HP-5MS, %TIC | 1 | Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus L. grown in Phu Tho province · Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 14(4):683-687, 2016 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Essential oil content of stems (culm), Phu Ninh | 0.81±0.04 % of fresh material | lemongrass oil · Phu Ninh, Phu Tho, VN | Steam distillation/Clevenger 4 h; GC-MS HP-5MS, %TIC | 1 sample of 500 g/plant part/area | Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus L. grown in Phu Tho province · Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 14(4):683-687, 2016 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Geranial / neral / myrcene — stems (culm), Phu Ninh | 35.23 / 28.92 / 3.59 % GC peak area | lemongrass oil · Phu Ninh, Phu Tho, VN | Steam distillation/Clevenger 4 h; GC-MS HP-5MS, %TIC | 1 | Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus L. grown in Phu Tho province · Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 14(4):683-687, 2016 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Essential oil content of leaves, Phu Ninh | 0.65±0.02 % of fresh material | lemongrass oil · Phu Ninh, Phu Tho, VN | Steam distillation/Clevenger 4 h; GC-MS HP-5MS, %TIC | 1 sample of 500 g/plant part/area | Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus L. grown in Phu Tho province · Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 14(4):683-687, 2016 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Geranial / neral / myrcene — leaves, Phu Ninh | 41.97 / 34.25 / 7.59 % GC peak area | lemongrass oil · Phu Ninh, Phu Tho, VN | Steam distillation/Clevenger 4 h; GC-MS HP-5MS, %TIC | 1 | Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus L. grown in Phu Tho province · Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 14(4):683-687, 2016 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Total citral (geranial+neral) range across 4 Phu Tho samples | 64.15–76.15 % GC | lemongrass oil · Phu Tho, VN | Steam distillation/Clevenger 4 h; GC-MS HP-5MS, %TIC | 4 samples | Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus L. grown in Phu Tho province · Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 14(4):683-687, 2016 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Citral and myrcene, central Vietnam sample | citral 73.90; myrcene 6.96; EO content 0.51 % GC; % of material | lemongrass oil · central VN (province not stated) | Hydrodistillation; GC-MS; 19 constituents = 96.65% | NR | Tinh dầu tràm gió (Melaleuca cajuputi) và sả chanh (Cympobogon citratus) ở miền Trung Việt Nam: những kết quả mới về thành phần hóa học và hoạt tính kháng vi sinh vật [Essential oils of cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi) and lemongrass (Cympobogon citratus) in central Vietnam: new results on chemical composition and antimicrobial activity] · Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ – Trường Đại học Công nghiệp Hà Nội 59(2B):144, 2023 NR | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | ISO 3217 / TCVN 11425:2016 — carbonyl content expressed as citral | ≥75 % | lemongrass oil (C. citratus, sả chanh) · standard | ISO 3217 (TCVN 11425:2016 equivalent) | — | TCVN 11425:2016 (ISO 3217) NR | partial |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Assessment of 5 lemongrass germplasm accessions held in Ha Noi against ISO | lemongrass: citral LOWER than ISO 3217:2016; East Indian lemongrass C. flexuosus (sả dịu): citral HIGHER than ISO 4718:2004; Java citronella meets ISO 3848:2016; Sri Lanka citronella meets ISO 3849; palmarosa: geraniol meets ISO 4727:2021 qualitative | Cymbopogon oils of several species · medicinal plant garden, Ha Noi | GC; compared with ISO | 5 germplasm accessions | Đánh giá chất lượng tinh dầu sả từ các nguồn gen được lưu giữ tại Hà Nội [Quality assessment of lemongrass essential oils from germplasm accessions conserved in Ha Noi] · Tạp chí Khoa học Công nghệ Nông nghiệp Việt Nam 01(134):25-30, 2022 NR | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Main constituents of Java citronella stem oil, Dak Lak | citronellal 33.58; trans-geraniol 16.24; δ-cadinene 6.33; myrtenol 6.09 % GC | Java citronella oil · Buon Don, Dak Lak, VN (collected 3/2021) | Clevenger steam distillation 3 h; GC-MS TG-SQC; 42 constituents | 1 | Xác định thành phần hóa học và hoạt tính kháng khuẩn của tinh dầu sả Java (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) ở tỉnh Đắk Lắk [Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) in Dak Lak province] · TNU Journal of Science and Technology 226(16):164-170, 2021 10.34238/tnu-jst.4897 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Essential oil content of Java citronella stems, Dak Lak | 1.53 (the conclusion states 0.12–0.48 instead) % | Java citronella oil · Dak Lak, VN | Steam distillation | 1 | Xác định thành phần hóa học và hoạt tính kháng khuẩn của tinh dầu sả Java (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) ở tỉnh Đắk Lắk [Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) in Dak Lak province] · TNU Journal of Science and Technology 226(16):164-170, 2021 10.34238/tnu-jst.4897 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | ISO 3848:2016 / TCVN 11426:2016 — citronellol | 8.5–14.0 % | Java citronella oil · standard | ISO 3848:2016 (TCVN 11426:2016) | — | ISO 3848:2016 NR | partial |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Main constituents of the oil (Vietnamese sample) | geraniol 69.2; geranyl acetate 12.1 % GC | palmarosa oil · Vietnam | GC-FID on 2 columns (BP-1/BP-20), GC-MS, 13C-NMR | NR | Aromatic plants from Vietnam, sources of natural products for industry · Academia Journal of Biology 29(4):52-60, 2007 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Main constituents of cajuput leaf oil — Moc Hoa, Long An | α-terpinolene 14.29; γ-terpinene 12.97; guaiol 10.32; 1,8-cineole 7.30; α-thujene 4.15 % GC | cajuput leaf oil · Moc Hoa, Long An, VN | 500 g fresh leaves, hydrodistillation 4 h; GC-FID + GC-MS HP-5MS; PCA | 1 sample/site (6 sites) | Chemical diversity of the Melaleuca cajuputi leaf oils from six locations in southern Vietnam · Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus 84(4):391-397, 2019 NR (Hrčak 228928) | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Main constituents of cajuput leaf oil — Lo Go–Xa Mat, Tay Ninh | 1,8-cineole 23.02; camphene 12.20; eudesmol 9.34; α-terpinolene 8.91; γ-terpinene 7.49 % GC | cajuput leaf oil · Lo Go–Xa Mat, Tay Ninh, VN | 500 g fresh leaves, hydrodistillation 4 h; GC-FID + GC-MS HP-5MS; PCA | 1 sample/site (6 sites) | Chemical diversity of the Melaleuca cajuputi leaf oils from six locations in southern Vietnam · Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus 84(4):391-397, 2019 NR (Hrčak 228928) | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Main constituents of cajuput leaf oil — Tram Chim, Dong Thap | methyl eugenol 48.31; isohomogenol 34.46; α-pinene 3.58 % GC | cajuput leaf oil · Tram Chim, Dong Thap, VN | 500 g fresh leaves, hydrodistillation 4 h; GC-FID + GC-MS HP-5MS; PCA | 1 sample/site (6 sites) | Chemical diversity of the Melaleuca cajuputi leaf oils from six locations in southern Vietnam · Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus 84(4):391-397, 2019 NR (Hrčak 228928) | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Main constituents of cajuput leaf oil — Phu Quoc, Kien Giang | 2,4-nonadienal 25.54; 1-acetyl-4-methyldibenzofuran 12.92; trans-caryophyllene 10.04; β-gurjunene 9.57 % GC | cajuput leaf oil · Phu Quoc, Kien Giang, VN | 500 g fresh leaves, hydrodistillation 4 h; GC-FID + GC-MS HP-5MS; PCA | 1 sample/site (6 sites) | Chemical diversity of the Melaleuca cajuputi leaf oils from six locations in southern Vietnam · Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus 84(4):391-397, 2019 NR (Hrčak 228928) | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Main constituents of cajuput leaf oil — U Minh Thuong, Kien Giang | β-selinene 25.63; α-eudesmol 22.22; trans-caryophyllene 10.43; α-humulene 9.42 % GC | cajuput leaf oil · U Minh Thuong, Kien Giang, VN | 500 g fresh leaves, hydrodistillation 4 h; GC-FID + GC-MS HP-5MS; PCA | 1 sample/site (6 sites) | Chemical diversity of the Melaleuca cajuputi leaf oils from six locations in southern Vietnam · Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus 84(4):391-397, 2019 NR (Hrčak 228928) | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Main constituents of cajuput leaf oil — Binh Chau–Phuoc Buu, BR-VT | trans-caryophyllene 11.08; α-humulene 8.61; guaiol 8.16; α-terpinolene 6.68; γ-terpinene 6.60 % GC | cajuput leaf oil · Binh Chau–Phuoc Buu, BR-VT, VN | 500 g fresh leaves, hydrodistillation 4 h; GC-FID + GC-MS HP-5MS; PCA | 1 sample/site (6 sites) | Chemical diversity of the Melaleuca cajuputi leaf oils from six locations in southern Vietnam · Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus 84(4):391-397, 2019 NR (Hrčak 228928) | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Chemotype grouping of southern cajuput (PCA) | 2 groups: (1) cineole + monoterpenes (terpinolene, γ-terpinene); (2) no cineole, rich in caryophyllene/humulene/guaiene qualitative | cajuput leaf oil · 6 sites in southern Vietnam | PCA on GC data | 6 | Chemical diversity of the Melaleuca cajuputi leaf oils from six locations in southern Vietnam · Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus 84(4):391-397, 2019 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | 1,8-cineole and α-terpineol, central Vietnam sample | 1,8-cineole 46.95; α-terpineol 12.54; EO content 0.78 % GC; % | cajuput oil · central VN | Hydrodistillation; GC-MS; 33 constituents = 98.94% | NR | Tinh dầu tràm gió (Melaleuca cajuputi) và sả chanh (Cympobogon citratus) ở miền Trung Việt Nam: những kết quả mới về thành phần hóa học và hoạt tính kháng vi sinh vật [Essential oils of cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi) and lemongrass (Cympobogon citratus) in central Vietnam: new results on chemical composition and antimicrobial activity] · Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ – Trường Đại học Công nghiệp Hà Nội 59(2B):144, 2023 NR | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Cajuput leaf composition, Phong Dien, Thua Thien Hue | 1,8-cineole 30.87; α-cadinol 11.29; guaiol 9.71; β-eudesmol 9.23; α-terpineol 8.31; γ-eudesmol 6.16 % GC | cajuput leaf oil · Phong My, Phong Dien, TT-Hue (5/2023) | 200 g fresh leaves, steam distillation 2 h; GC-MS; 21 constituents = 92.50% | 1 | Chemical compositions and biological properties of the leaf essential oil of three Melaleuca species · World Academy of Sciences Journal 6(6):67, 2024 10.3892/wasj.2024.282 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Essential oil content of cajuput leaves, Phong Dien, Hue | 0.70 % (w/w, fresh leaves) | cajuput leaf oil · TT-Hue | Steam distillation 2 h | 1 | Chemical compositions and biological properties of the leaf essential oil of three Melaleuca species · World Academy of Sciences Journal 6(6):67, 2024 10.3892/wasj.2024.282 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Cajuput leaves, Huong Tra, Hue | 1,8-cineole 25.38; terpinolene 5.75; EO content 0.609 % GC; % | cajuput leaf oil · Huong Tra, TT-Hue | Steam distillation; GC-MS; 41 constituents | NR | Nghiên cứu chiết tách và xác định thành phần hóa học tinh dầu tràm của huyện Hương Trà tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế [Extraction and chemical composition of cajuput essential oil from Huong Tra district, Thua Thien Hue province] · Tạp chí Phân tích Hóa, Lý và Sinh học 25(1):35, 2020 (VJOL TCPTHLS 51081) NR | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Cinnamaldehyde in cassia bark oil, Yen Bai | 93.31 (2 peaks: 92.79 + 0.52); cinnamyl acetate 2.49; cinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetal 1.47; copaene 0.99 % GC | cassia bark oil · Yen Bai, VN | 500 g dried bark ground to 2–3 mm, hydrodistillation 180 min; GC-MS SH-Rxi-5Sil | 1 batch | Study on the production and composition of essential oil from Cinnamomum cassia bark in Yen Bai province of Vietnam · Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research 8(4):6807-6813, 2024 10.26538/tjnpr/v8i4.9 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Essential oil content of cassia bark, Yen Bai (optimised) | 3.38 (other runs in the same paper: 2.44; 2.71) % | cassia bark oil · Yen Bai | Hydrodistillation | 1 | Study on the production and composition of essential oil from Cinnamomum cassia bark in Yen Bai province of Vietnam · Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research 8(4):6807-6813, 2024 10.26538/tjnpr/v8i4.9 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Cassia bark, Quang Ngai: EO content and trans-cinnamaldehyde | EO 2.600±0.037; trans-cinnamaldehyde 94.69 (abstract: 94.06) % ; % GC | cassia bark oil · Quang Ngai, VN | Clevenger hydrodistillation 5–6 h; GC-MS | NR (SD reported → replicates) | Comparison of chemical profile and antibacterial activity of Cinnamomum cassia bark essential oil from three different Vietnamese provinces · Indian Journal of Agricultural Research 59(7):1060-1067, 2025 10.18805/IJARe.AF-923 | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Cassia bark, Kon Tum: EO content and trans-cinnamaldehyde | EO 1.505±0.045; trans-cinnamaldehyde 96.07 % ; % GC | cassia bark oil · Kon Tum, VN | Clevenger hydrodistillation 5–6 h; GC-MS | NR (SD reported → replicates) | Comparison of chemical profile and antibacterial activity of Cinnamomum cassia bark essential oil from three different Vietnamese provinces · Indian Journal of Agricultural Research 59(7):1060-1067, 2025 10.18805/IJARe.AF-923 | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Cassia bark, Yen Bai: EO content and trans-cinnamaldehyde | EO 1.315±0.136; trans-cinnamaldehyde 94.72 % ; % GC | cassia bark oil · Yen Bai, VN | Clevenger hydrodistillation 5–6 h; GC-MS | NR (SD reported → replicates) | Comparison of chemical profile and antibacterial activity of Cinnamomum cassia bark essential oil from three different Vietnamese provinces · Indian Journal of Agricultural Research 59(7):1060-1067, 2025 10.18805/IJARe.AF-923 | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Cassia twig+leaf oil, Yen Bai | (E)-cinnamaldehyde 88.05; benzaldehyde 1.75; o-methoxycinnamaldehyde 0.36; total phenylpropanoids 90.71 % GC | cassia twig and leaf oil · Yen Bai (trees 3–20 years old, 10/2022) | Steam distillation 3 h, ~200 kg/batch; GC-MS QP2020NX; 21 constituents | industrial batch | Chemical profile and biological activities of the essential oil of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl) twigs and leaves · Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research 7(11):5226-5230, 2023 10.26538/tjnpr/v7i11.29 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Yield of cassia twig and leaf oil | ~0.45 % (v/w) | cassia twig and leaf oil · Yen Bai | Steam distillation | NR | Chemical profile and biological activities of the essential oil of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl) twigs and leaves · Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research 7(11):5226-5230, 2023 10.26538/tjnpr/v7i11.29 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | (E)-cinnamaldehyde (Vietnamese sample, plant part not stated) | 92.4 % GC | cassia oil · Vietnam | GC on 2 columns + GC-MS + 13C-NMR | NR | Aromatic plants from Vietnam, sources of natural products for industry · Academia Journal of Biology 29(4):52-60, 2007 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | ISO 3216:1997 / TCVN 6029:2008 — trans-cinnamaldehyde | 70–88 % | cassia oil, Chinese type · standard | ISO 3216 (chromatographic profile) | — | ISO 3216:1997 (TCVN 6029:2008 equivalent) NR | partial |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | ISO 3216:1997 — trans-o-methoxycinnamaldehyde | 3–15 % | cassia oil, Chinese type · standard | ISO 3216 | — | ISO 3216:1997 (TCVN 6029:2008) NR | partial |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | ISO 3216:1997 — coumarin | NR (‘0.5’ is legible but the pairing is uncertain; the fragments ‘1.5’ and ‘4’ are unassigned) % | cassia oil, Chinese type · standard | ISO 3216 | — | ISO 3216:1997 (TCVN 6029:2008) NR | partial |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | ISO 3216 — physical constants | relative density 20/20 ≤1.070; n20D 1.6000–1.6140; acid value ≤15.0 — | cassia oil, Chinese type · standard | ISO 3216 | — | TCVN 6029:2008 (ISO 3216:1997) NR | partial |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | trans-Anethole in star anise oil, Lang Son (spring crop) | 88.82 % | star anise fruit oil · Lang Son (2008, spring crop) | Distillation (details not stated) | NR | Study on the essential oil and trans-anethol obtained from summer Vietnamese anise star · Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 48(2), 2010 10.15625/0866-708X/48/2/1123 | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Essential oil content of star anise raw material, Lang Son | 8.75 % | dried star anise fruit · Lang Son | — | NR | Study on the essential oil and trans-anethol obtained from summer Vietnamese anise star · Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 48(2), 2010 10.15625/0866-708X/48/2/1123 | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Composition of star anise oil, Cao Bang | anethole 86.85 (abstract: 76.65); estragole 0.42; γ-terpinene 1.32; linalool 1.03; α-pinene 0.99; limonene 0.94 % GC | star anise flower/fruit oil · Cao Bang (Bao Lac/Thach An) | Steam distillation; GC-MS HP5-MS 60 m | NR | Nghiên cứu tách chiết tinh dầu cây hồi [Extraction of star anise essential oil] · TNU Journal of Science and Technology 228(05):191-198, 2023 10.34238/tnu-jst.6501 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | (E)-anethole (Vietnamese sample) | 93.1 % GC | star anise oil · Vietnam | GC on 2 columns + GC-MS + 13C-NMR | NR | Aromatic plants from Vietnam, sources of natural products for industry · Academia Journal of Biology 29(4):52-60, 2007 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | trans-Anethole range in a review (not specific to Vietnam) | 72–92; estragole ~2; cis-anethole ~0.5 (another section: 0.1–1.7) % | star anise oil · multiple sources | Review | — | Sharafan et al. 2022, Molecules 27(3):650 10.3390/molecules27030650 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Illicium anisatum warning: anisatin signal | ~250 times higher in I. anisatum than in I. verum MS signal ratio | star anise fruit · — | Plant-spray MS / DART-HRMS | NR | Schrage et al. 2013, J Chromatogr A 1317:246-253 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.072 | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Quantification of anisatin by LC-MS/MS | quantification range 0.2–8 mg/kg | Illicium fruits · samples purchased in Switzerland | LC-MS/MS | NR | Mathon et al. 2013, Food Addit Contam A 30(9):1598-1605 10.1080/19440049.2013.804955 | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | FDA warning on star anise tea (2003) | ≥40 cases, including 15 infants cases | star anise tea · USA | Epidemiological report | — | FDA advisory 9/2003 (via NutraIngredients 11/9/2003) NR | partial |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Composition of mint leaves, Khanh Hoa | menthol 69.44; menthone 7.66; isomenthone 5.65; trans-carane 4.34 % GC | mint leaf oil · Khanh Hoa | Steam distillation; GC-MS; 26 constituents ~98% | NR | Physicochemical properties, chemical components, and antibacterial activity of the essential oil from Mentha arvensis L. leaves · Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki 164(1):36-45, 2022 10.26907/2542-064X.2022.1.36-45 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Menthol by region (southern Vietnam) | Lam Dong 70.6; Ho Chi Minh City 69.45; BR-VT 67.85 % GC | mint oil · Lam Dong, Ho Chi Minh City, BR-VT | Hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MHD); GC-MS | 3 regions | Khảo sát và đánh giá chất lượng tinh dầu bạc hà Nhật (Mentha arvensis) từ các vùng nguyên liệu khác nhau ở Việt Nam [Survey and quality assessment of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis) essential oil from different growing regions in Vietnam] · Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ – Đại học Nguyễn Tất Thành, no. 12, 2021 NR | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Mint oil yield by method | MHD 0.075; HD 0.053 % | mint oil · Lam Dong | MHD 20 min 1:2.5; HD 110 min 1:6 | NR | Khảo sát và đánh giá chất lượng tinh dầu bạc hà Nhật (Mentha arvensis) từ các vùng nguyên liệu khác nhau ở Việt Nam [Survey and quality assessment of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis) essential oil from different growing regions in Vietnam] · Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ – Đại học Nguyễn Tất Thành, no. 12, 2021 NR | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Composition of African basil, Ha Noi | eugenol 80.38; germacrene D 5.79; β-caryophyllene 3.31; δ-cadinene 2.21; α-copaene 1.26 % GC | African basil oil · Ha Noi (cultivated) | Clevenger steam distillation 3 h; GC/MS-FID; 23 constituents | 1 | Thành phần hóa học và hoạt tính chống oxi hóa của tinh dầu hương nhu trắng (Ocimum gratissimum L.) trồng ở Hà Nội, Việt Nam [Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of African basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.) cultivated in Ha Noi, Vietnam] · TNU Journal of Science and Technology 227(14):130-136, 2022 10.34238/tnu-jst.6294 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Essential oil content of African basil, Ha Noi | 0.96 % (absolute dry weight) | African basil oil · Ha Noi | Steam distillation | 1 | Thành phần hóa học và hoạt tính chống oxi hóa của tinh dầu hương nhu trắng (Ocimum gratissimum L.) trồng ở Hà Nội, Việt Nam [Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of African basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.) cultivated in Ha Noi, Vietnam] · TNU Journal of Science and Technology 227(14):130-136, 2022 10.34238/tnu-jst.6294 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Eugenol (Vietnamese sample) | 82.7 % GC | African basil oil · Vietnam | GC + 13C-NMR | NR | Aromatic plants from Vietnam, sources of natural products for industry · Academia Journal of Biology 29(4):52-60, 2007 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Composition of holy basil leaves, Vietnam | methyl eugenol 46.07; caryophyllene 15.65; eugenol 11.83; β-elemene 4.33; β-copaene 4.18; caryophyllene oxide 3.18 % GC | holy basil leaf oil · Vietnam (province not stated) | Hydrodistillation; GC/MS | NR | Chemical constituents, antioxidant and antifungal activities of the essential oil from Vietnamese Ocimum tenuiflorum L. leaves · Vietnam Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering 66(2):69-75, 2024 10.31276/VJSTE.66(2).69-75 | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Citral in Litsea cubeba fruit (Vietnam) | neral 26.8 + geranial 44.1 = 70.9 % GC | Litsea cubeba fruit oil · Vietnam | Hydrodistillation; GC on 2 columns + 13C-NMR | NR | Aromatic plants from Vietnam, sources of natural products for industry · Academia Journal of Biology 29(4):52-60, 2007 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Citral in Litsea cubeba fruit, Ba Vi | citral >65 % GC | fruit oil · Ba Vi, Ha Tay (wild plants) | GC-MS | NR | Journal of Medicinal Materials 2003 (authors not shown), WPRIM wpr-3679 NR | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Litsea cubeba stem bark oil, Pu Hoat | geranial 29.86; neral 27.73 (citral 57.59); limonene 19.29 % GC | stem bark oil · Pu Hoat, Nghe An (1925–1940 m, 6/2025) | Clevenger hydrodistillation ~3 h; GC-MS HP-5MS | 1 | Thành phần hóa học tinh dầu màng tang (Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.) phân bố tại Khu Bảo tồn thiên nhiên Pù Hoạt tỉnh Nghệ An [Chemical composition of the essential oil of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. distributed in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve, Nghe An province] · Journal of Forestry Science and Technology 15(6):94-102, 2026 10.55250/jo.vnuf.15.6.2026.094-102 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Litsea cubeba leaf oil, Pu Hoat (cineole chemotype) | 1,8-cineole 30.44; sabinene 22.19; α-terpineol 12.14; α-pinene 7.90; β-pinene 6.26 % GC | leaf oil · Pu Hoat, Nghe An | Hydrodistillation; GC-MS | 1 | Thành phần hóa học tinh dầu màng tang (Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.) phân bố tại Khu Bảo tồn thiên nhiên Pù Hoạt tỉnh Nghệ An [Chemical composition of the essential oil of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. distributed in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve, Nghe An province] · Journal of Forestry Science and Technology 15(6):94-102, 2026 10.55250/jo.vnuf.15.6.2026.094-102 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Essential oil content of Litsea cubeba, Pu Hoat | leaves 6.30 (dry) / 2.71 (fresh); stem bark 3.82 (dry) / 1.79 (fresh) % | leaves, stem bark · Nghe An | Hydrodistillation | 1 | Thành phần hóa học tinh dầu màng tang (Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.) phân bố tại Khu Bảo tồn thiên nhiên Pù Hoạt tỉnh Nghệ An [Chemical composition of the essential oil of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. distributed in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve, Nghe An province] · Journal of Forestry Science and Technology 15(6):94-102, 2026 10.55250/jo.vnuf.15.6.2026.094-102 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Ginger rhizome, Ky Son, Nghe An | zingiberene 30.82; β-sesquiphellandrene 11.96; camphene 8.73; β-phellandrene 7.86; α-farnesene 6.4; E-citral 6.11 % GC | ginger oil · Tan Son, Ky Son, Nghe An | GC/MS; 25 constituents | NR | Khảo sát thành phần hoá học của tinh dầu từ củ gừng (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) thu hái tại Tân Sơn, huyện Kỳ Sơn, Nghệ An [Chemical composition of the essential oil from ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) collected in Tan Son, Ky Son district, Nghe An] · Tạp chí Khoa học – Trường Đại học Thủ đô Hà Nội, no. 96:52-58, 2025 (VJOL otn 121284) NR | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Ginger rhizome, Deo Ca, Phu Yen | β-caryophyllene 11.72; limonene 6.83; α-pinene 6.55; γ-terpinene 5.75; δ-3-carene 5.74; α-phellandrene 5.57 % GC | fresh ginger oil · Hoa Tam, Dong Hoa, Phu Yen (9/2021) | Steam distillation 3 h; GC-MS HP6890N; 51 constituents = 93.29% | 1 | Chemical constituents of the essential oil from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale collected in Ca Pass mountain region, Vietnam · Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Khánh Hòa 8(02):23, 2024 (VJOL dhkh 100337) NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Ginger oil yield, Phu Yen | 2.21 % (fresh) | ginger rhizome · Phu Yen | Steam distillation | 1 | Chemical constituents of the essential oil from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale collected in Ca Pass mountain region, Vietnam · Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Khánh Hòa 8(02):23, 2024 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Turmeric rhizome oil (Vietnam) | ar-turmerone 30.33; α-turmerone 14.14 % GC | turmeric oil · Vietnam (province not stated) | Steam distillation; GC-MS; 36 constituents | NR | Antimicrobial effect of turmeric oil (Curcuma longa L.) · Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 48(5), 2010 10.15625/0866-708X/48/5/1193 | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Vietnamese turmeric cultivars grown in Alabama (USA) | ar-turmerone 8.3–36.1; α-turmerone 12.7–15.2; β-turmerone 5.0–15.4; α-zingiberene 4.6–13.9; β-sesquiphellandrene 4.6–10.0 % GC | turmeric oil · cultivars from Vietnam, grown in North Alabama | Hydrodistillation; GC-MS | multiple samples | Essential oil chemotypes of four Vietnamese Curcuma species cultivated in North Alabama · Horticulturae 8(5):360, 2022 10.3390/horticulturae8050360 | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Turmeric grown in Vietnam (thesis) | ar-turmerone 38.38; turmerone 24.17; curlone 16.23 % GC | fresh turmeric oil · Vietnam | Hydrodistillation; GC-MS | NR | Essential oil variation in three different species of genus Curcuma cultivated in Vietnam: composition, characteristics, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity · thesis, International University – VNU-HCM, 2024 (not peer-reviewed) NR | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Galangal rhizome oil, Khanh Hoa | 1,8-cineole 42.5; indan-5-ol 20.2; (E)-β-caryophyllene 1.9 % GC | rhizome oil · Khanh Hoa (2/2021) | Clevenger hydrodistillation; GC-MS ZB-5ms | 1 | Chemical composition and pesticidal activity of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. essential oils in Vietnam · Records of Natural Products 16(2):182-187, 2022 10.25135/rnp.263.21.05.2074 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Galangal leaf oil, Khanh Hoa | (E,E)-farnesyl acetate 39.6; (E)-β-caryophyllene 15.8; caryophyllene oxide 7.4; trans-β-elemene 5.6 % GC | leaf oil · Khanh Hoa | Hydrodistillation; GC-MS | 1 | Chemical composition and pesticidal activity of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. essential oils in Vietnam · Records of Natural Products 16(2):182-187, 2022 10.25135/rnp.263.21.05.2074 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Galangal oil yield by plant part | leaves 0.11; leaves+stems 0.12; rhizome 0.26; roots 0.13 % | Alpinia galanga · Khanh Hoa | Hydrodistillation | 1/plant part | Chemical composition and pesticidal activity of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. essential oils in Vietnam · Records of Natural Products 16(2):182-187, 2022 10.25135/rnp.263.21.05.2074 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Kaempferia galanga rhizome oil (Vietnam) | ethyl p-methoxy-(E)-cinnamate 64.1; ethyl (E)-cinnamate 26.8 % GC | rhizome oil · Vietnam | GC on 2 columns + 13C-NMR | NR | Aromatic plants from Vietnam, sources of natural products for industry · Academia Journal of Biology 29(4):52-60, 2007 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Da Xanh pomelo peel oil | limonene 91.19; β-myrcene 2.92; α-phellandrene 1.98; α-pinene 1.19 % GC | pomelo peel oil · Da Xanh cultivar (province not stated) | Steam distillation; GC-MS | NR | Thành phần hóa học và hoạt tính kháng vi sinh vật gây bệnh của tinh dầu từ vỏ bưởi da xanh (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.) [Chemical composition and activity against pathogenic microorganisms of the essential oil from Da Xanh pomelo peel (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.)] · Hue University Journal of Science: Natural Science 130(1C):75-83, 2021 10.26459/hueunijns.v130i1C.6247 | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Young pomelo peel oil (by-product), Mekong Delta, 500 kg/batch scale | D-limonene 89.106–94.422; yield 0.87 % GC; % | young pomelo peel oil · Mekong Delta | Industrial steam distillation; GC-MS | multiple batches | Utilization of by-product from pomelo (Citrus maxima Burm. Merr.) as raw materials to produce essential oil by steam distillation method · Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research 9(6), 2025 10.26538/tjnpr/v9i6.40 | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Cultivated agarwood oil, Bac Giang: yield & constituents | yield 0.32; neopetasane 7.96; benzylacetone 10.46; n-hexadecanoic acid 5.69; β-agarofuran 4.86; valerianol 3.91; jinkoh-eremol 3.50; agarospirol 2.98; β-eudesmol 2.96 % w/w; % GC peak area | agarwood oil (cultivated trees) · Bac Giang, VN | 500 g wood powder soaked in water for 3 weeks, Clevenger hydrodistillation 72 h; GC-MS DB-XLB | 1/site | Isolation process and compound identification of agarwood essential oils from Aquilaria crassna cultivated at three different locations in Vietnam · Processes 7(7):432, 2019 10.3390/pr7070432 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Cultivated agarwood oil, Khanh Hoa: yield & constituents | yield 0.27; neopetasane 8.29; valenca-1(10),8-dien-11-ol 6.05; valerianol 5.37; β-eudesmol 4.38; jinkoh-eremol 3.87; agarospirol 3.31; β-agarofuran 3.04 % w/w; % GC peak area | agarwood oil (cultivated trees) · Khanh Hoa, VN | 500 g wood powder soaked in water for 3 weeks, Clevenger hydrodistillation 72 h; GC-MS DB-XLB | 1/site | Isolation process and compound identification of agarwood essential oils from Aquilaria crassna cultivated at three different locations in Vietnam · Processes 7(7):432, 2019 10.3390/pr7070432 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Cultivated agarwood oil, Phu Quoc (Kien Giang): yield & constituents | yield 0.25; neopetasane 7.47; n-hexadecanoic acid 6.43; β-agarofuran 6.18; valerianol 4.56; jinkoh-eremol 4.51; β-eudesmol 4.18; agarospirol 3.42 % w/w; % GC peak area | agarwood oil (cultivated trees) · Phu Quoc (Kien Giang), VN | 500 g wood powder soaked in water for 3 weeks, Clevenger hydrodistillation 72 h; GC-MS DB-XLB | 1/site | Isolation process and compound identification of agarwood essential oils from Aquilaria crassna cultivated at three different locations in Vietnam · Processes 7(7):432, 2019 10.3390/pr7070432 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Agarwood oil, Phu Quoc (another paper) | neopetasone 14.43; dihydroagarofuran-15-al 9.20; β-agarofuran 8.02; valenca-1(10),8-dien-11-ol 5.95; jinkoh-eremol 5.02; valerianol 4.94 % GC | agarwood oil · Phu Quoc | GC-MS | NR | Engineering Chemistry 4:51 (scientific.net; authors not shown) NR | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Distinguishing wild from cultivated agarwood by chromones (China, A. sinensis) | 141 chromones; PCA separates 2 groups (PC1 71.0%); 14 markers VIP>1 — | agarwood (A. sinensis) · Guangdong, Hainan (China) | UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS + PCA/OPLS-DA | 21 samples | Li et al. 2016, Int J Mol Sci 17(5):771 10.3390/ijms17050771 | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Composition of Fokienia hodginsii oil (database; sample origin unknown) | α-pinene 24.89; limonene 8.46; caryophyllene oxide 4.01; trans-nerolidol 0.56 % GC | Fokienia hodginsii oil · unknown | GC-MS | NR | Zhu et al. 1993, Aromatic Plants and Essential Constituents (book, via scent.vn) NR | partial |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Linalool chemotype (var. linaloolifera) leaves, Vietnam | linalool 91.1 % GC | leaf oil · Vietnam | Distillation; GC/GC-MS; 17 constituents | NR | The essential oil of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Sieb. var. linaloolifera from Vietnam · Journal of Essential Oil Research 5(4):451-453, 1993 10.1080/10412905.1993.9698258 | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Progeny of camphor trees rich in camphor/linalool (Vietnam) | linalool 92.0; camphor 1.3 (one line) % GC | leaf oil · Vietnam | GC | NR | Chemical segregation of progeny of camphor trees with high camphor c.q. linalool content · Journal of Essential Oil Research 10:607-612, 1998 (via scent.vn) NR | partial |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Lindera rufa leaf oil, Nghe An | camphor 67.46; limonene 6.98; α-pinene 6.71; camphene 4.71; yield 0.91 % GC; % fresh | leaf oil · Nghe An (12/2006) | Steam distillation 3 h; GC-FID + GC-MS | 1 | Chemical composition of essential oil from Lindera rufa Hook. f., a new natural source of camphor · VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology 27(4):222-224, 2011 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Safrole in wood oil of wild C. parthenoxylon, Vietnam | 90.3 % GC | wood oil · Vietnam (several regions; small variation) | Steam distillation; GC/GC-MS | several regions (number unclear) | Constituents of the essential oils of Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (Jack) Nees from Vietnam · Journal of Essential Oil Research 7(1):53-56, 1995 10.1080/10412905.1995.9698462 | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | C. parthenoxylon root bark oil | benzyl benzoate 52.0 % GC | root bark oil · Vietnam | Steam distillation; GC-MS | NR | Constituents of the essential oils of Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (Jack) Nees from Vietnam · Journal of Essential Oil Research 7(1):53-56, 1995 10.1080/10412905.1995.9698462 | abstract |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Safrole in aerial-part oil of Michelia balansae (Vietnam) | 84.5 % GC | essential oil · Vietnam | GC + 13C-NMR | NR | Aromatic plants from Vietnam, sources of natural products for industry · Academia Journal of Biology 29(4):52-60, 2007 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | International status of safrole | Table I of the 1988 UN Convention; CAS 94-59-7; HS 2932.94 — | safrole · international | INCB Red List 23rd edition (7/2025) | — | INCB Red List 23rd ed. 2025 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Vietnamese legal framework on precursors | Decree 57/2022/ND-CP (25/8/2022) → replaced by Decree 28/2026/ND-CP (19/1/2026; repeals 57/2022 and 90/2024); precursor Lists IVA/IVB — | precursors · Vietnam | Legal instrument | — | Decree 28/2026/ND-CP Article 3 NR | partial |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Ban on sassafras oil production in Vietnam | banned since 1999 (according to TNI) year | safrole-rich essential oil · Vietnam | Policy report | — | Blickman/TNI 2009 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Stem & leaf oil of white champaca, northern Vietnam | stems: linalool 80.65; leaves: linalool 72.89, (E)-nerolidol 4.42, β-caryophyllene 4.04, cis-β-elemene 3.03 % GC | stem, leaf oil · northern VN | Hydrodistillation; GC/MS; 28 constituents each | 1/plant part | Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from stems and leaves of Michelia alba D.C. growing in Vietnam · Academia Journal of Biology 40(3):96-105, 2018 10.15625/2615-9023/v40n3.13151 | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Citronellal (Vietnamese sample) | 78.2 % GC | essential oil · Vietnam | GC + 13C-NMR | NR | Aromatic plants from Vietnam, sources of natural products for industry · Academia Journal of Biology 29(4):52-60, 2007 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Carvacrol (Vietnamese sample) | 82.7 % GC | essential oil · Vietnam | GC + 13C-NMR | NR | Aromatic plants from Vietnam, sources of natural products for industry · Academia Journal of Biology 29(4):52-60, 2007 NR | full |
| IV. Vietnamese essential oils | Estragole (Vietnamese sample) | 96.2 % GC | essential oil · Vietnam | GC + 13C-NMR | NR | Aromatic plants from Vietnam, sources of natural products for industry · Academia Journal of Biology 29(4):52-60, 2007 NR | full |
Yellow-shaded rows: the fact conflicts with another source. Access: full = full text or data tables; partial = partial; abstract = abstract only.
A monograph compiled from 718 sourced facts collected under a common protocol and cross-checked independently. Items labelled Inference are the compilers’ own judgements. Diagrams are newly drawn from published data. Scientific reference material — not legal or medical advice, and no substitute for the text of the standards.